d have been described elsewhere. dA-MEK contains the dominant active form of hMEK1. dA-ERK consists of a dominant active form of the rERK2-hMEK1 fusion protein. dN-ERK consists of a dominant negative form of the rERK2-hMEK1 fusion protein. Functionality or the expression of these constructs in zebrafish cells was confirmed. Real-Time Bioluminescence Assay and Data Analysis All real-time bioluminescence assays were performed and analyzed as described previously using an EnVision multilabel counter under various lighting conditions. Western blotting Protein extracts were prepared by homogenizing samples in NP40 buffer including a cocktail of phosphatase inhibitors. The samples were electrophoresed on a SDS polyacrylamide gel and transferred to an Immobilon-P membrane. Binding of the antibodies was visualized using the Pierce-ECL detection system. Phospho-ERK, Materials and Methods Cell Culture The PAC-2 cell line was cultured as previously described. For incubation under different lighting regimes, cells were Wavelength-Dependent ERK Sodium laureth sulfate Signaling via D-Boxes ERK and MEK antibodies were purchased from Cell Signaling. Phospho-ERK levels were all normalized using total ERK expression. In addition, to normalize for sample loading we used Vinculin or a-Tubulin as a loading control. Autoradiographic images were quantified with the aid of ImageJ software. Statistical Analysis Data were analyzed by unpaired t-test and two-way ANOVA using GraphPad Prism 4.0 for Windows. All the results were expressed as means +/2SD. p,0.05 was considered statistically significant. Peak time values were calculated using Ritme software. The 8866946 results of statistical analysis are presented either in indicates the blue light and dark periods, respectively. Representative western blots of endogenous phospho-ERK and ERK levels in PAC-2 cells following 1 hr, 3 hrs, 12 hrs or 24 hrs of incubation with 1 mM U0126 or DMSO and under DD conditions. Real time bioluminescence assays of PAC-2 cells transfected with D-boxcry1a-Luc, in the presence or absence of the selected dose of U0126. The black arrow indicates the start of 48 hours of U0126 treatment. Relative bioluminescence is plotted on the y-axis 21415165 and time from 
the first exposure to blue light on the x-axis. Each time-point represents the mean of three independent experiments +/2SD. Periods of exposure to darkness or blue light are indicated as described for panels A and B. The mechanism of carbohydrate digestion and nutrient metabolism in ruminants differs significantly from that in monogastric animals. Cellulose and starch are the main carbohydrates for ruminants. Ruminal micro-organisms convert cellulose and starch to volatile fatty acids, carbon dioxide, and methane. VFAs are the main precursors of lipid and glucose synthesis in ruminants. Acetic acid, which accounts for 7075% of VFAs, is absorbed by the rumen wall and neutralized by conversion to acetate in the blood. The blood acetate concentration in dairy cows is 3.6 mM, which is dozens of times higher than that in monogastric animals. The biological function of acetic acid in dairy cows is also different from that in humans and mice. Acetic acid is mainly used for milk fat synthesis in dairy cows. However, in humans and mice, acetic acid is mainly used to generate energy through tricarboxylic acid cycle in hepatocytes. In recent years, it has become evident that acetic acid can also act as a signaling molecule to regulate gene expression in the liver. AMP-activated pro
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