Difference between males and females. Participants described their parent’s marital status as 62 married, 7 single, 19 divorced, and 12 separated. When living at dwelling, 78 of participants reported living with their mothers, 68 living with fathers, 13 living with grandparent(s), and 11 living with an additional relative. A total of 72 self-identified as members from the Yup’ik Alaska Native cultural linguistic group, followed by Inupiat (21 ), Podocarpusflavone A web Athabaskan (11 ), Aleut/Alutiq (six ), and Tlingit/Haida (4 ). Some folks identified with two or far more ethnic categories. Measures Item pool Adult Self-Mastery: Pearlin et al. (1981) initially created the Mastery scale as an adult measure of personal sense of control in overcoming life issues. The scale consists of seven products rated on a four-point Likert-type scale, assessing the extent to which men and women perceive themselves as having handle over the situations that impact their lives. Representative products involve “I can do just about something I seriously set my mind to,” and “What happens to me in the future mostly depends upon me.” Internal consistency reported by Hobfoll, Jackson, et al. (2002) was = .72. Adult Communal Mastery: The Communal Mastery scale (Jackson, McKenzie, Hobfoll, 2000) is a 10-item measure itself initially adapted from the Mastery Scale (Pearlin et al., 1981) along with the Self-Efficacy Scale (Schwarzer, 1993) to measure coping methods from a extra collectivist orientation. Representative items consist of “Working with each other with family and good friends I can solve quite a few troubles I have,” and “What happens to me within the future is determined by my ability to perform effectively with other people,” to which people respond on a fourpoint Likert scale. Internal consistency for this scale was = .74 (Hobfoll, Jackson, et al., 2002). We adapted these mastery measures for youth. Validity measures Youth Community Help: The Youth Community Help scale is a three-item subscale adapted from the People’s Awakening Yup’ik Protective Things scale for adults (Allen et al., 2006). The Youth Community Support scale taps youth perceptions regarding the presence and extent of assistance as a protective aspects obtainable to young individuals in the neighborhood normally, outside of household and friendship. Representative things involve “People PubMed ID:http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/2105157 support me” and “People are accessible to me for suggestions.”NIH-PA Author Manuscript NIH-PA Author Manuscript NIH-PA Author ManuscriptPsychol Assess. Author manuscript; out there in PMC 2013 June 01.Fok et al.PageReligious Involvement: Youth’s amount of involvement with formal religion was assessed through two items. On one item the youth rated the value of church in their life as not at all, somewhat, or really crucial, and on a second item, youth rated church attendance by way of one of five radio buttons, as significantly less than as soon as a year, 1? occasions a year, 1? occasions a month, three? instances a month, or at the very least as soon as a week. Alaska Native Cultural Identification: The Alaska Native Cultural Identification scale is an eight-item scale adapted from the item set from the Orthogonal Cultural Identification scale (Oetting Beauvais, 1990?991), a strategy of assessment of bicultural identities amongst ethnic minority youth. The Alaska Native Cultural Identification scale makes use of two item stems, worded employing descriptors our concentrate group function found locally understandable: “How a great deal you live by or stick to the [Native/White American] way of life?” and “How a great deal do you speak [Native language/English]?” Since.