The decrease of A. aquasalis KS 176 1113-59-3 web catalase activity 24 hours after infection can be a consequence of the manipulation by the parasite to increase ROS, decrease the competitive microbiota and inhibit some immune pathways in order to improve its development inside the vector.manner that apparently was not coherent with the model proposed of ROS-induced parasite killing. We propose here that P. vivax in the midgut probably manipulates the free radicals detoxification system of A. aquasalis and, as a consequence, control some competitive bacteria allowing better parasite development.Supporting InformationFigure S1 Sequence of A. aquasalis catalase. Numbers on the left represent nucleotide sequence length and on the right amino acid sequence length; asterisk indicates the stop codon; aminoacids in bold indicate the heme binding pocket; underlined aminoacids represent the tetramer interface. AqCAT sequence was deposited in GenBank with accession number HQ659100. (TIF) Figure S2 Sequence of SOD3A (A) and SOD3B (B) cDNAs. Numbers on the left represent nucleotide sequence length and on the right indicate amino acid sequence length; asterisk indicates the stop codon; underlined deduced aminoacids show the P-class dimer interface and in italics the E-class dimer interface; aminoacids in bold indicate aminoacids represent the active sites. AqSOD3A and SOD3B sequences were deposited in GenBank with accession numbers HQ659101 and HQ659102, respectively. (TIF) Figure S3 Effect of A. aquasalis catalase inhibition byAminotriazole on P. vivax oocysts development. The data were analyzed by the Mann-Whitney test. (TIF)ConclusionsThe interactions between Anopheles insects and Plasmodium determine the ability of these mosquitoes to transmit malaria. In previous work, analyses of some immune genes showed that the presence of P. vivax in A. aquasalis haemolymph, rather than in the midgut or during passage through the midgut epithelium, appeared to correlate with the induction of an anti-microbial immune response [2,22]. Here we showed that P. vivax initial infection decreased catalase activity and that catalase silencing increased the P.vivax parasites in the A. 23727046 aquasalis midgut in aAcknowledgmentsWe would like to thank the DNA Sequencing and RTPCR PDTIS/ FIOCRUZ facilities; Dr. Carolina Barillas-Mury for the SOD and catalase degenerate primers and Danubia Lacerda for statistical analyses. ?Author ContributionsConceived and designed the experiments: ACB JHMO PLO YMTC PFPP. Performed the experiments: ACB 
JHMO MSK HRCA CMRV. Analyzed the data: ACB JHMO PLO YMTC PFPP. Contributed reagents/materials/analysis tools: JBPL MVGL PLO YMTC PFPP. Wrote the paper: ACB JHMO PLO YMTC PFPP.
Malaria is a potentially fatal tropical disease caused by a parasite known as Plasmodium. Four distinct species of plasmodium that can produce the disease in different forms: Plasmodium falciparum, Plasmodium vivax, Plasmodium ovale, and Plasmodium malaria. Of these four, Plasmodium falciparum, or P. falciparum, is the most widespread and dangerous. If not timely treated, it may lead to the fatal cerebral malaria, which remains one of the most devastating global health crises. Nearly half of the world’s population is still at risk from its infection. According to the World Health Organization’s 2010 World Malaria Report (http://www.who.int/malaria/ world_malaria_report_2010/worldmalariareport2010.pdf), there are more than 225 million cases of malaria each year, killing around 781,000 people, c.The decrease of A. aquasalis catalase activity 24 hours after infection can be a consequence of the manipulation by the parasite to increase ROS, decrease the competitive microbiota and inhibit some immune pathways in order to improve its development inside the vector.manner that apparently was not coherent with the model proposed of ROS-induced parasite killing. We propose here that P. vivax in the midgut probably manipulates the free radicals detoxification system of A. aquasalis and, as a consequence, control some competitive bacteria allowing better parasite development.Supporting InformationFigure S1 Sequence of A. aquasalis catalase. Numbers on the left represent nucleotide sequence length and on the right amino acid sequence length; asterisk indicates the stop codon; aminoacids in bold indicate the heme binding pocket; underlined aminoacids represent the tetramer interface. AqCAT sequence was deposited in GenBank with accession number HQ659100. (TIF) Figure S2 Sequence of SOD3A (A) and SOD3B (B) cDNAs. Numbers on the left represent nucleotide sequence length and on the right indicate amino acid sequence length; asterisk indicates the stop codon; underlined deduced aminoacids show the P-class dimer interface and in italics the E-class dimer interface; aminoacids in bold indicate aminoacids represent the active sites. AqSOD3A and SOD3B sequences were deposited in GenBank with accession numbers HQ659101 and HQ659102, respectively. (TIF) Figure S3 Effect of A. aquasalis catalase inhibition byAminotriazole on P. vivax oocysts development. The data were analyzed by the Mann-Whitney test. (TIF)ConclusionsThe interactions between Anopheles insects and Plasmodium determine the ability of these mosquitoes to transmit malaria. In previous work, analyses of some immune genes showed that the presence of P. vivax in A. aquasalis haemolymph, rather than in the midgut or during passage through the midgut epithelium, appeared to correlate with the induction of an anti-microbial immune response [2,22]. Here we showed that P. vivax initial infection decreased catalase activity and that catalase silencing increased the P.vivax parasites in the A. 23727046 aquasalis midgut in aAcknowledgmentsWe would like to thank the DNA Sequencing and RTPCR PDTIS/ FIOCRUZ facilities; Dr. Carolina Barillas-Mury for the SOD and catalase degenerate primers and Danubia Lacerda for statistical analyses. ?Author ContributionsConceived 
and designed the experiments: ACB JHMO PLO YMTC PFPP. Performed the experiments: ACB JHMO MSK HRCA CMRV. Analyzed the data: ACB JHMO PLO YMTC PFPP. Contributed reagents/materials/analysis tools: JBPL MVGL PLO YMTC PFPP. Wrote the paper: ACB JHMO PLO YMTC PFPP.
Malaria is a potentially fatal tropical disease caused by a parasite known as Plasmodium. Four distinct species of plasmodium that can produce the disease in different forms: Plasmodium falciparum, Plasmodium vivax, Plasmodium ovale, and Plasmodium malaria. Of these four, Plasmodium falciparum, or P. falciparum, is the most widespread and dangerous. If not timely treated, it may lead to the fatal cerebral malaria, which remains one of the most devastating global health crises. Nearly half of the world’s population is still at risk from its infection. According to the World Health Organization’s 2010 World Malaria Report (http://www.who.int/malaria/ world_malaria_report_2010/worldmalariareport2010.pdf), there are more than 225 million cases of malaria each year, killing around 781,000 people, c.